![]() It’s probably clear from pretty early on that while Jacob is very angry and emotionally bruised, he’s not a sadist. ![]() Did you as a writer also feel this conflict? Was there a responsibility to end the book positively?Įmma Rathbone I wanted to end the book in a way that felt true to Jacob. Jack Palmer The central challenge that Jacob seems to face in the novel is that of responsibility versus destruction. Whereas Pierre places Vernon on a grand scale and tackles the ‘big’ questions, the smaller scale of Rathbone’s book means the novel is touching, and ultimately heart-warming. Pierre’s Booker-prize winning Vernon God Little, featuring similarly messed-up teenage boys and their realization of empowerment. The Patterns of Paper Monsters has a similar topic to D.B.C. Jacob has to choose between his impulse for havoc and a burgeoning sense of responsibility. She calms Jacob and stands diametrically opposed to the disturbing influence of David, a sly, broody maniac with fantasies of destruction for the JDC. This ennui is alleviated by the arrival of Andrea, a ‘perfect quivering cupful’ of a girl. The simple story follows Jacob Higgins, convicted of violent crime, to the Midland County Juvenile Detention Center, where instead of fun and frolics, he discovers utter tedium. Some of these are brilliant (a rape victim who comes to talk is ‘a pillaged field with a guest pass’), some a little wayward, much like the character of her adolescent protagonist. Its diaristic, ADHD chapters feature, like, a firestorm of oddly apt teenage similes. In fact, she chooses a character her polar opposite: male, violent and disinterested. Based on the reviewed evidence, we argue that the long-forgotten study of annelid developmental anomalies should be incorporated into the growing field of annelid EvoDevo and examined with modern techniques and perspectives.Emma Rathbone’s debut novel, The Patterns of Paper Monsters, is not autobiographical. In adults, the ventral nervous system and the digestive tract seem to play a role in the induction of bifurcation. In embryos, these experimental studies show how mechanical or chemical disruption of the zygote can result in bifurcation. Although most known cases of bifurcation came from accidental findings in the wild or were unintentionally produced, experimental studies resulting in the induction of bifurcation of both embryos and adults are also reviewed. ![]() The relevance of this distinction is highlighted in the case of the Ribbon Clade, a group of syllid annelids in which some species reproduce by collateral and successive gemmiparity (which involves dorsoventral bifurcation), while others grow by branching laterally. In adults, we show that while lateral bifurcation can result in well-integrated phenotypes, dorsoventral bifurcation cannot since it requires the discontinuity of at least some internal organs. Regarding embryos, three different types of bifurcation can be found: conjoined twins (in clitellates) Janus embryos (two posterior ends with a single head which shows duplicated structures) and duplicitas cruciata embryos (with anterior and posterior bifurcation with a 90° rotation). Moreover, it also shows that bifurcations can be classified into different types according to anatomy (lateral versus dorsoventral) or developmental origin (embryonic versus postembryonic, the latter occurring in relation to regeneration, reproduction, or growth). Our survey reveals bifurcation as a widespread phenomenon found all over the annelid tree. In this review we summarize reports of annelid bifurcation published during the last 275 years and the wide variety of anatomies they present. Such an analysis of the existing knowledge is necessary for addressing the different patterns of annelid bifurcation, as well as to understand possible developmental mechanisms behind them and their evolution. However, these animals have rarely been considered other than curiosities, one-off anomalies, or monsters, and a condensed but comprehensive analysis of this phenomenon is lacking. Bifurcated annelids were first described in the 18th century and have been occasionally reported since then. In annelids, one of the most common and remarkable anomalies is anteroposterior axis bifurcation, that is animals that have two or more heads and/or tails. Yet most animal groups have never been studied under this perspective. ![]() During recent decades, the study of anatomical anomalies has been of great relevance for research on development and its evolution.
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